LMI Sustainability and Pilot Plan: Difference between revisions

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<center>'''Last Mile Initiative&nbsp;Community Health Data Collection Sustainability Plan'''</center>
<center>===Last Mile Initiative&nbsp;Community Health Data Collection Sustainability Plan===</center>


==Introduction==  
==1. Introduction==
The Last Mile Initiative Community Health Data
The Last Mile Initiative Community Health Data Collection project was
Collection project was designed to allow community volunteers in
designed to allow community volunteers in Rwanda to go door-to-door
Rwanda to go door-to-door and gather important health information from
and gather important health information from the citizens via mobile
the citizens via mobile phone. The original scope of the project was
phone. The original scope of the project was to develop the
to develop the application and perform a pilot test of it in two
application and perform a pilot test of it in two districts in
districts in Rwanda. Due to unforeseen political and funding issues
Rwanda. Due to unforeseen political and funding issues that pilot was
that pilot was not performed and the development process was altered
not performed and the development process was altered to accommodate
to accommodate the lack of hardware available to test with.
the lack of hardware available to test with.


==Development==  
==2. Development==
One success of the work done on LMI has been that
One success of the work done on LMI has been that
the public health professionals working in conjunction with the
the public health professionals working in conjunction with the
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redo the database and forms.
redo the database and forms.


===OpenMRS===  
===2.1 OpenMRS===
It was decided during the development process that
It was decided during the development process that the freely
the freely available OpenMRS[#FOOTNOTE-1 1] (Open Medical Records
available OpenMRS[#FOOTNOTE-1 1] (Open Medical Records System) was a
System) was a perfect fit for this project. OpenMRS provide a stable,
perfect fit for this project. OpenMRS provide a stable, flexible
flexible platform to work with when collecting health data. The
platform to work with when collecting health data. The open-source
open-source system has been under development for many years and has a
system has been under development for many years and has a very robust
very robust community which continually improves it. The community is
community which continually improves it. The community is very engaged
very engaged and helpful, providing a good source for support not only
and helpful, providing a good source for support not only in
in development, but in usage of the system as well.
development, but in usage of the system as well.


===Indicators===  
===2.2 Indicators===
When the project started the Twubakane project had
When the project started the Twubakane project had close to 30 health
close to 30 health indicators in which the data collection forms were
indicators in which the data collection forms were based on. By the
based on. By the close of our work that has been narrowed to 15
close of our work that has been narrowed to 15 indicators. While this
indicators. While this is good streamlining for their purposes it
is good streamlining for their purposes it does point out the
does point out the complications inherent to such a system.Health
complications inherent to such a system.Health indicators are always
indicators are always dynamic as diseases take hold in certain regions
dynamic as diseases take hold in certain regions or populations and
or populations and international focus shifts. It is important to
international focus shifts. It is important to understand and design
understand and design for some shift in the indicators over longer
for some shift in the indicators over longer periods of time. However,
periods of time. However, rapid changes would be detrimental to the
rapid changes would be detrimental to the data collection process as
data collection process as well as the availability of developer time
well as the availability of developer time in changing the database
in changing the database schema and front-end forms. The rate of
schema and front-end forms. The rate of change that happened during
change that happened during our work was unexpected.&nbsp;&nbsp;
our work was unexpected.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;
&nbsp;


===Example: Adding an Indicator===  
===2.3 Example: Adding an Indicator===
If, for example a new indicator was added the database would have to be altered to include the new
If, for example a new indicator was added the database would have to
indicator. This would involve adding the new indicator to the schema
be altered to include the new indicator. This would involve adding the
however, since we are using OpenMRS the change would be fairly
new indicator to the schema however, since we are using OpenMRS the
trivial. In fact, a non-programmer could add the new indicator via the
change would be fairly trivial. In fact, a non-programmer could add
administrative tools provided with OpenMRS.Adding the new indicator to
the new indicator via the administrative tools provided with
the database is only half of what is needed, the forms which allow the
OpenMRS.Adding the new indicator to the database is only half of what
community volunteer to enter the data are static and would need to be
is needed, the forms which allow the community volunteer to enter the
done by hand. While this can be something a non-developer can learn
data are static and would need to be done by hand. While this can be
how to do it would help to have someone who is fairly comfortable
something a non-developer can learn how to do it would help to have
doing so. However, translating that form to Kinyrwandan (or another
someone who is fairly comfortable doing so. However, translating that
language if taken to another country) would, of course, require some
form to Kinyrwandan (or another language if taken to another country)
expertise.
would, of course, require some expertise.


===Rapid Development===  
===2.4 Rapid Development===
One aspect which we felt we could increase
One aspect which we felt we could increase the amount of time and
the amount of time and knowledge needed to make changes to the system
knowledge needed to make changes to the system was in the development
was in the development of the forms themselves (the screens displayed
of the forms themselves (the screens displayed on the phone). OpenMRS
on the phone). OpenMRS being a Java-based application relies quite
being a Java-based application relies quite heavily on Java for all
heavily on Java for all aspects of the system. We wanted to have a
aspects of the system. We wanted to have a much easier environment for
much easier environment for making the forms so we wrote an
making the forms so we wrote an abstraction layer to the system which
abstraction layer to the system which allows for easier form
allows for easier form creation. This layer, created in PHP, is
creation. This layer, created in PHP, is open-source and has been
open-source and has been given to the OpenMRS community on behalf of
given to the OpenMRS community on behalf of the Last Mile Initiative
the Last Mile Initiative project. The code for this layer can be found
project. The code for this layer can be found on the Launchpad site
on the Launchpad site set up for all of our work.
set up for all of our work.


===Scalability===  
===2.5 Scalability===
Due to the selection of OpenMRS, which utilizes
Due to the selection of OpenMRS, which utilizes the MySQL database,
the MySQL database, all running on linux, scalablity is not a big
all running on Linux, scalability is not a big concern for this
concern for this system. The system should be able to handle,
system. The system should be able to handle, conservatively
conservatively estimating, over 6000 transactions per hour. It is
estimating, over 6000 transactions per hour. It is doubtful that even
doubtful that even if the system were to be rolled out to the whole
if the system were to be rolled out to the whole country that those
country that those numbers would even be realized.Having said that, as
numbers would even be realized.Having said that, as with most
with most countries in the region which Rwanda is in, having the
countries in the region which Rwanda is in, having the server in a
server in a location which provides stable and strong bandwidth is a
location which provides stable and strong bandwidth is a concern which
concern which is related to scalability and is one which would benefit
is related to scalability and is one which would benefit from
from revisiting from time to time were the system in use. Please refer
revisiting from time to time were the system in use. Please refer to
to the Pilot section of this document for more on server support
the Pilot section of this document for more on server support issues.
issues.


==3.0 Transparency==
Transparency and openness has been a foundation of this project since
its inception. One original goal was to try to tap into any existing
open source communities working in Africa, or more specifically in the
region around Rwanda to help with the development. Although we made
contact with a couple different groups (further below) since the
development stage was stunted a bit due to the issues around a second
partner for hardware costs these efforts have slowed down. This is not
to say that they are dead though as the work we have done has been
shared with the community and we hope it will gain some traction.This
is the key to why being as open and collaborative as possible is good
for sustainability - it allows for a project to continue to grow even
if there are other factors working against it. In areas such as Rwanda
this can be quite refreshing. When we first approached some of the
main stakeholders in this project we were asked pointedly if our work
would be freely available or would they have to hire "another
specialist from Europe" to work on it once we were gone. That one
moment shows off the importance of an open source license in remote
and poor areas of the world. It can be expensive and difficult to
bring someone in to modify or fix code. If that has to be done simply
because the license will not allow the users to see the code it can be
very frustrating to those on the ground.In order to ensure the
transparency of this project we have taken a few important steps to
make our work as accessible as possible.


==Transparency==  
===3.1 Licensing===
Transparency and openness has been a foundation
All of the work we have done on this project has been licensed under
of this project since its inception. One original goal was to try to
the GPL[#FOOTNOTE-2 2] (General Public License) which is a fully open
tap into any existing open source communities working in Africa, or
source license. This is very important for sustainability as it allows
more specifically in the region around Rwanda to help with the
anyone in the world to freely acquire, modify, and even redistribute
development. Although we made contact with a couple different groups
the code - as long as it is under the same license and includes the
(further below) since the development stage was stunted a bit due to
original copyright holders information.In addition to our work's
the issues around a second partner for hardware costs these efforts
license, the OpenMRS codebase is also licensed under the GPL making
have slowed down. This is not to say that they are dead though as the
the two fully compatible.
work we have done has been shared with the community and we hope it
will gain some traction.This is the key to why being as open and
collaborative as possible is good for sustainability - it allows for a
project to continue to grow even if there are other factors working
against it. In areas such as Rwanda this can be quite refreshing. When
we first approached some of the main stakeholders in this project we
were asked pointedly if our work would be freely available or would
they have to hire "another specialist from Europe" to work on it once
we were gone. That one moment shows off the importance of an open
source license in remote and poor areas of the world. It can be
expensive and difficult to bring someone in to modify or fix code. If
that has to be done simply because the license will not allow the
users to see the code it can be very frustrating to those on the
ground.In order to ensure the transparency of this project we have
taken a few important steps to make our work as accessible as
possible.


===Licensing===
===3.2 Community===
All of the work we have done on this project has
It has been important for us since the inception of this project to
been licensed under the GPL[#FOOTNOTE-2 2] (General Public License)
make sure that we have been utilizing any communities already in
which is a fully open source license. This is very important for
existence around technologies we are taking advantage of as well as
sustainability as it allows anyone in the world to freely acquire,
attempt to form communities around our technologies. While the absence
modify, and even redistribute the code - as long as it is under the
of a pilot has hampered the creation of communities around our work,
same license and includes the original copyright holders
we have been active in the OpenMRS as well as the OpenROSA
information.In addition to our work's license, the OpenMRS codebase is
also licensed under the GPL making the two fully compatible.
 
===Community===  
It has been important for us since the inception of
this project to make sure that we have been utilizing any communities
already in existence around technologies we are taking advantage of as
well as attempt to form communities around our technologies. While the
absence of a pilot has hampered the creation of communities around our
work, we have been active in the OpenMRS as well as the OpenROSA
communities. Any work we have done has been announced to the
communities. Any work we have done has been announced to the
appropriate community and made freely available to them.By far, the
appropriate community and made freely available to them.By far, the
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points of entry (or tools to make it easier).
points of entry (or tools to make it easier).


===Launchpad===  
===3.3 Launchpad===
One tool we have utilized in the development stage
One tool we have utilized in the development stage has been
has been Launchpad[#FOOTNOTE-4 4]. Launchpad is a multi-functional,
Launchpad[#FOOTNOTE-4 4]. Launchpad is a multi-functional, web-based
web-based tool for development. In addition to code source version
tool for development. In addition to code source version control
control system, bug tracking system, and easy translation editing
system, bug tracking system, and easy translation editing tools, it
tools, it provides areas for planning and interactions with users
provides areas for planning and interactions with users (though we
(though we have not taken advantage of the last two). The system was
have not taken advantage of the last two). The system was created by
created by Canonical who are the main sponsors of the Ubuntu linux
Canonical who are the main sponsors of the Ubuntu linux project so it
project so it is geared toward the creation of open source work. This
is geared toward the creation of open source work. This is important
is important as it gives us one place to point people to for getting
as it gives us one place to point people to for getting the code -
the code - even as we work on it.
even as we work on it.


===Wiki===  
===3.4 Wiki===
In addition to Launchpad we have set up a
In addition to Launchpad we have set up a wiki[#FOOTNOTE-5 5] which
wiki[#FOOTNOTE-5 5] which contains every piece of information we have
contains every piece of information we have written or acquired about
written or acquired about this project. This continues the theme of
this project. This continues the theme of transparency instilled in
transparency instilled in this project which we considered as one goal
this project which we considered as one goal of the project
of the project itself. Were the pilot to be picked up and launched,
itself. Were the pilot to be picked up and launched, the continuation
the continuation of transparency would be very easy with these tools
of transparency would be very easy with these tools and licensing. A
and licensing. A wiki allows anyone to get a registration and edit or
wiki allows anyone to get a registration and edit or add documents to
add documents to it. This is true of our wiki and we have also put all
it. This is true of our wiki and we have also put all information on
information on the wiki under a GNU Free Documentation
the wiki under a GNU Free Documentation License[#FOOTNOTE-6 6] which
License[#FOOTNOTE-6 6] which is very similar to the GPL.The wiki
is very similar to the GPL.The wiki instance we have running is a
instance we have running is a Mediawiki[#FOOTNOTE-7 7] server which is
Mediawiki[#FOOTNOTE-7 7] server which is the same wiki software used
the same wiki software used (and created by) the Wikipedia project. It
(and created by) the Wikipedia project. It is by far the most
is by far the most recognizable wiki and many people already know the
recognizable wiki and many people already know the editing options
editing options because of its popularity.
because of its popularity.


==Hardware==  
 
==4. Hardware==
This particular project has a strong reliance on numerous, inexpensive hardware. For a country like Rwanda was important to look for hardware which is readily available in-country but still was capable of displaying readable information and accept data input in a manner which was efficient for the volunteers. While there was much discussion about hardware during this project, no single model was ever identified.This is quite important for this project for development. At this time our development focused on least-common denominator hardware and thus is a web-based front-end. However, as explored below, the platform selection can allow for far more interesting interaction. What must be clear for any future implementation is whether ''available'' hardware is more important than the development concerns. At this time Rwanda is very limited in the models of phones available. As we were working closely with Qualcomm we tended to focus on the phones available through Rwandatel (the CDMA driven network), however if MTN (the GSM carrier) were looked at the models available would be vastly superior.
This particular project has a strong reliance on numerous, inexpensive hardware. For a country like Rwanda was important to look for hardware which is readily available in-country but still was capable of displaying readable information and accept data input in a manner which was efficient for the volunteers. While there was much discussion about hardware during this project, no single model was ever identified.This is quite important for this project for development. At this time our development focused on least-common denominator hardware and thus is a web-based front-end. However, as explored below, the platform selection can allow for far more interesting interaction. What must be clear for any future implementation is whether ''available'' hardware is more important than the development concerns. At this time Rwanda is very limited in the models of phones available. As we were working closely with Qualcomm we tended to focus on the phones available through Rwandatel (the CDMA driven network), however if MTN (the GSM carrier) were looked at the models available would be vastly superior.


===Costs===  
===4.1 Costs===
Mobile phone costs in Rwanda tend to run similar to their exact counterparts in Europe, keeping in mind that they are utilizing much older models than Europe currently has available. Pricing for phones ranges from as low as $40(US) to $500(US) with the $500 model being a smart-phone with a full keyboard (though this model is normally not readily availble).Considering just the original pilot plan for working with two different health clinics in Rwanda we would have been working with between 20 and 60 vounteers if it had been fully rolled out. While that would have covered quite a few villages (3 to 6 volunteers per village) it still would have been very small in comparison to the number of clinics and villages throughout the country. The costs for phones to accomplish that would be quite high.
Mobile phone costs in Rwanda tend to run similar to their exact counterparts in Europe, keeping in mind that they are utilizing much older models than Europe currently has available. Pricing for phones ranges from as low as $40(US) to $500(US) with the $500 model being a smart-phone with a full keyboard (though this model is normally not readily available).Considering just the original pilot plan for working with two different health clinics in Rwanda we would have been working with between 20 and 60 volunteers if it had been fully rolled out. While that would have covered quite a few villages (3 to 6 volunteers per village) it still would have been very small in comparison to the number of clinics and villages throughout the country. The costs for phones to accomplish that would be quite high.


===Available Platforms===  
===4.2 Available Platforms===
The most prominant phone brand in all of
The most prominant phone brand in all of Rwanda is Nokia. Nokias, for
Rwanda is Nokia. Nokias, for the most part, run on the Symbian
the most part, run on the Symbian operating system. This system is the
operating system. This system is the leading installed embedded
leading installed embedded operating system for phones worldwide (46%
operating system for phones worldwide (46% of all phones use
of all phones use Symbian). Symbian's application layer is an
Symbian). Symbian's application layer is an implementation of Java ME
implementation of Java ME (J2ME). The distinct problem however is that
(J2ME). The distinct problem however is that the older model, smaller
the older model, smaller phones often do not have a similar
phones often do not have a similar application layer which, in our
application layer which, in our case, meant that we would not have
case, meant that we would not have been assured of having Java
been assured of having Java available had we chosen it.Having said
available had we chosen it.Having said that, for sustainability's sake
that, for sustainability's sake as well as to combat poor coverage in
as well as to combat poor coverage in certain areas, we would
certain areas, we would recommend further development to focus on Java
recommend further development to focus on Java and phone which utilize
and phone which utilize it in the application layer.Of particular note
it in the application layer.Of particular note is the
is the OpenROSA[#FOOTNOTE-8 8] project. OpenROSA is an open-source
OpenROSA[#FOOTNOTE-8 8] project. OpenROSA is an open-source effort to
effort to reduce duplication of effort in the area of mobile data
reduce duplication of effort in the area of mobile data
collection. More specifically it is a data collection application
collection. More specifically it is a data collection application
toolkit for J2ME with its first implementation having a strong focus
toolkit for J2ME with its first implementation having a strong focus
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example of the needs we had for the toolkit.
example of the needs we had for the toolkit.


===Lifecycle===  
===4.3 Lifecycle===
One consideration when thinking of hardware is the
One consideration when thinking of hardware is the life-cycle of a
lifecyle of a mobile phone. Small, somewhat fragile devices such as
mobile phone. Small, somewhat fragile devices such as phones are&nbsp;
phones are&nbsp; bound to encounter some problems and are typically
bound to encounter some problems and are typically easier to replace
easier to replace than repair. This can have a fairly large impact on
than repair. This can have a fairly large impact on the sustainability
the sustainability of the project.Replacement costs for lost or broken
of the project.Replacement costs for lost or broken phones must be
phones must be worked into the costs of rolling out to any area. One
worked into the costs of rolling out to any area. One rule of thumb
rule of thumb might be to suggest that for every three operational
might be to suggest that for every three operational phones there
phones there should be funds available to purchase one
should be funds available to purchase one replacement. The choice of
replacement. The choice of three to one being based on the fact that
three to one being based on the fact that for each small village there
for each small village there would be up to three volunteers working
would be up to three volunteers working at one particular time.
at one particular time.


==Mobile Network==  
===5. Mobile Network===
During the development cycle of this project
During the development cycle of this project most of our focus was on
most of our focus was on Rwandatel due to our relationship with
Rwandatel due to our relationship with Qualcomm who are the makers of
Qualcomm who are the makers of the CDMA network technology which
the CDMA network technology which Rwandatel uses.&nbsp; Most of the
Rwandatel uses.&nbsp; Most of the information below is based on this
information below is based on this focus and could be quite different
focus and could be quite different if MTN, or even both networks were
if MTN, or even both networks were considered for rollout.
considered for rollout.


===Carriers===  
===5.1 Carriers===
The two main carriers in Rwanda are Rwandatel and
The two main carriers in Rwanda are Rwandatel and
MTN. While we focused mostly on Rwandatel, it is important for
MTN. While we focused mostly on Rwandatel, it is important for
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presence, it tends to be the leading provider.
presence, it tends to be the leading provider.


===Coverage===  
===5.2 Coverage===
Coverage in Rwanda is quite good for both mobile
Coverage in Rwanda is quite good for both mobile networks. However,
networks. However, the areas in which the higher-end technologies that
the areas in which the higher-end technologies that provide higher
provide higher bandwidth are generally only located in Kigali and the
bandwidth are generally only located in Kigali and the areas just
areas just outside Kigali. There are exceptions to this though which,
outside Kigali. There are exceptions to this though which, for
for Rwandatel, can be seen on the Rwandatel Mobile Coverage Map (2007)
Rwandatel, can be seen on the Rwandatel Mobile Coverage Map (2007) on
on the LMI wiki[#FOOTNOTE-9 9]. Despite the smaller areas outside of
the LMI wiki[#FOOTNOTE-9 9]. Despite the smaller areas outside of
Kigali, the higher bandwidth technologies are not readily available
Kigali, the higher bandwidth technologies are not readily available
despite the mobile coverage as a whole being quite good.We do not have
despite the mobile coverage as a whole being quite good.We do not have
a similar map for MTN and the situation may be quite different for
a similar map for MTN and the situation may be quite different for
them. Furthermore, both networks continue to grow and are upgraded
them. Furthermore, both networks continue to grow and are upgraded
frequently. This situation may be completely different in a few years.
frequently. This situation may be completely different in a few
years.It is important to note that both ''EVDO'' on the CDMA network
and ''3G'' on GSM network are technologies which have a very small
presence but are scheduled to be rolled out over the next few years in
Rwanda. Having these two high-bandwidth technologies could be very
important for developing high-end and very useful applications as the
better the bandwidth, the more interesting exchange of data can occur.


===Partnerships===  
===5.3 Partnerships===
The approach we took with this project relied
The approach we took with this project relied heavily on the mobile
heavily on the mobile network companies. In our case, we approached
network companies. In our case, we approached Rwandatel and had
Rwandatel and had conversations about their role in the project. The
conversations about their role in the project. The two most important
two most important parts for the growth of this project were airtime
parts for the growth of this project were airtime and
and hosting. Airtime, which is detailed below, while cheaper than many
hosting. Airtime, which is detailed below, while cheaper than many
countries, could be expensive were the client to stay as it is and
countries, could be expensive were the client to stay as it is and
work mostly with browsing technologies. However, a partnership with
work mostly with browsing technologies. However, a partnership with
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provide the most stable offering.
provide the most stable offering.


===Costs===  
===5.4 Costs===
For mobile network access the costs certainly do depend on any parntnerships which could be formed with the two main companies working in Rwanda. However, to get an idea of what kind of costs would be associated with normal usage, both companies work at roughly the same price breakdown:
For mobile network access the costs certainly do depend on any parntnerships which could be formed with the two main companies working in Rwanda. However, to get an idea of what kind of costs would be associated with normal usage, both companies work at roughly the same price breakdown:


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==Pilot==  
==6. Pilot==
The pilot for the Community Health Data Collection
The pilot for the Community Health Data Collection system was
system was originally planned for two health centers in Rwanda. The
originally planned for two health centers in Rwanda. The total costs
total costs associated with running the pilot was $150,000(US) which
associated with running the pilot was $150,000(US) which was planned
was planned to be paid for by Qualcomm. Early on in the process
to be paid for by Qualcomm. Early on in the process Qualcomm changed
Qualcomm changed the total amount they could give to $75,000(US). In
the total amount they could give to $75,000(US). In accordance the
accordance the plans for the pilot were cut in half and included only
plans for the pilot were cut in half and included only one health
one health center which had only a few villages associated with
center which had only a few villages associated with it. While this
it. While this would still have given us a good idea as to the
would still have given us a good idea as to the usefulness of the
usefulness of the system to the volunteers who are already gathering
system to the volunteers who are already gathering the data via the
the data via the paper forms, it would have been difficult to guage
paper forms, it would have been difficult to guage the connectivity
the connectivity issues as the health center in consideration was
issues as the health center in consideration was fairly near Kigali
fairly near Kigali and thus had decent EVDO coverage.After many months
and thus had decent EVDO coverage.After many months of working with
of working with Qualcomm on determining the best hardware and
Qualcomm on determining the best hardware and specifications for the
specifications for the system they decided it was best for them to
system they decided it was best for them to pull out of the
pull out of the project. Mostly this came down to changes in Rwanda
project. Mostly this came down to changes in Rwanda from the Ministry
from the Ministry of Health in relation to the many pilot projects
of Health in relation to the many pilot projects scheduled across the
scheduled across the country. Rightly, Qualcomm felt that the risks
country. Rightly, Qualcomm felt that the risks were too great if there
were too great if there was to no longer be heavy support from the
was to no longer be heavy support from the Ministry of
Ministry of Health.Nonetheless, the following information details some
Health.Nonetheless, the following information details some of the
of the ideas and plans which were being drafted to run the pilot
ideas and plans which were being drafted to run the pilot program
program which was to have started in December 2008.
which was to have started in December 2008.


===Ministry of Health===  
===6.1 Ministry of Health===
The Ministry of Health is a vital partner
The Ministry of Health is a vital partner for any health-related
for any health-related service or project in Rwanda.
service or project in Rwanda. t<nowiki>[NOT SURE WHAT TO SAY
===Volunteers===
HERE]</nowiki>


===Training===
===6.2 Volunteers===
The Volunteers are truly the heart of the whole process. The handling
of the volunteers is all coordinated from the Twubakane project
working on the decentralization of health care in Rwanda. The
volunteers are people from each village who are elected in small
ceremonies to be the health representatives for the village. There is
a bit of prestige in the position and the volunteers do much more than
they are recognized for doing. This is to our great benefit as the
volunteers who are chosen tend to be very motivated .In our pilot
these would be the people using the system on a daily basis. Initially
they would need to be trained in the health center in which they
report (unless travel expenses were used to get them elsewhere). As
part of the existing organization for these volunteers, there are also
volunteer coordinators in the health centers who would be ideal in a
pilot to coordinate lost or stolen phone replacement, passing on
problems or issues, and making sure that the data being entered by
his/her volunteers is accurate. The volunteer coordinators should be
quite useful in any future pilot.


===Support Structure===
===6.3 Training===
The training for using the system would best be performed in the
health centers from which the volunteers work from. Typically they are
not far from the villages in which the volunteers live and most have
some room or space in which the training could be done. The training
itself would be fairly straight-forward as the volunteers are all
already familiar with the paper forms which contain all of the same
questions. The key portions of the training would be instructing them
on getting to the forms, navigating through the forms, and inputting
the information itself. Further training could be done on the web
front-end so that volunteers and coordinators understand how to check
on the data once it is in the system in order to correct any input
errors or to see any health trends that might need immediate
attention.


===Costs===
===6.4 Support Structure===
For the most part, the reliance on the volunteer coordinators is vital
in the support structure. They can ensure that lost or stolen phones
are replaced, make sure that incorrect data entry problems are
corrected, and generally be a lifeline back to staff in Kigali or the
US. However, as these staff work with the Twubakane project a task
sharing/payment plan would need to be figured out before the work
could begin to avoid confusion on who pays for which tasks and which
people.6.5 Costs


==Conclusions==
==7. Conclusions==




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Addendum: Rwandatel mobile coverage map - 2007 [[http://wiki.ihris.org/wiki/upload/RURA_coverage_Regional_boundaries.xls]]
Addendum: Rwandatel mobile coverage map - 2007 [[http://wiki.ihris.org/wiki/upload/RURA_coverage_Regional_boundaries.xls]]

Revision as of 15:40, 9 December 2008

===Last Mile Initiative Community Health Data Collection Sustainability Plan===

1. Introduction

The Last Mile Initiative Community Health Data Collection project was designed to allow community volunteers in Rwanda to go door-to-door and gather important health information from the citizens via mobile phone. The original scope of the project was to develop the application and perform a pilot test of it in two districts in Rwanda. Due to unforeseen political and funding issues that pilot was not performed and the development process was altered to accommodate the lack of hardware available to test with.

2. Development

One success of the work done on LMI has been that the public health professionals working in conjunction with the Twubakane project benefited from the process of us reviewing the data collection forms and the health indicators the forms are based on. Unfortunately for our development this caused a great deal of dynamic flow to the indicators and forms which in turn, required us to redo the database and forms.

2.1 OpenMRS

It was decided during the development process that the freely available OpenMRS[#FOOTNOTE-1 1] (Open Medical Records System) was a perfect fit for this project. OpenMRS provide a stable, flexible platform to work with when collecting health data. The open-source system has been under development for many years and has a very robust community which continually improves it. The community is very engaged and helpful, providing a good source for support not only in development, but in usage of the system as well.

2.2 Indicators

When the project started the Twubakane project had close to 30 health indicators in which the data collection forms were based on. By the close of our work that has been narrowed to 15 indicators. While this is good streamlining for their purposes it does point out the complications inherent to such a system.Health indicators are always dynamic as diseases take hold in certain regions or populations and international focus shifts. It is important to understand and design for some shift in the indicators over longer periods of time. However, rapid changes would be detrimental to the data collection process as well as the availability of developer time in changing the database schema and front-end forms. The rate of change that happened during our work was unexpected.    

2.3 Example: Adding an Indicator

If, for example a new indicator was added the database would have to be altered to include the new indicator. This would involve adding the new indicator to the schema however, since we are using OpenMRS the change would be fairly trivial. In fact, a non-programmer could add the new indicator via the administrative tools provided with OpenMRS.Adding the new indicator to the database is only half of what is needed, the forms which allow the community volunteer to enter the data are static and would need to be done by hand. While this can be something a non-developer can learn how to do it would help to have someone who is fairly comfortable doing so. However, translating that form to Kinyrwandan (or another language if taken to another country) would, of course, require some expertise.

2.4 Rapid Development

One aspect which we felt we could increase the amount of time and knowledge needed to make changes to the system was in the development of the forms themselves (the screens displayed on the phone). OpenMRS being a Java-based application relies quite heavily on Java for all aspects of the system. We wanted to have a much easier environment for making the forms so we wrote an abstraction layer to the system which allows for easier form creation. This layer, created in PHP, is open-source and has been given to the OpenMRS community on behalf of the Last Mile Initiative project. The code for this layer can be found on the Launchpad site set up for all of our work.

2.5 Scalability

Due to the selection of OpenMRS, which utilizes the MySQL database, all running on Linux, scalability is not a big concern for this system. The system should be able to handle, conservatively estimating, over 6000 transactions per hour. It is doubtful that even if the system were to be rolled out to the whole country that those numbers would even be realized.Having said that, as with most countries in the region which Rwanda is in, having the server in a location which provides stable and strong bandwidth is a concern which is related to scalability and is one which would benefit from revisiting from time to time were the system in use. Please refer to the Pilot section of this document for more on server support issues.

3.0 Transparency

Transparency and openness has been a foundation of this project since its inception. One original goal was to try to tap into any existing open source communities working in Africa, or more specifically in the region around Rwanda to help with the development. Although we made contact with a couple different groups (further below) since the development stage was stunted a bit due to the issues around a second partner for hardware costs these efforts have slowed down. This is not to say that they are dead though as the work we have done has been shared with the community and we hope it will gain some traction.This is the key to why being as open and collaborative as possible is good for sustainability - it allows for a project to continue to grow even if there are other factors working against it. In areas such as Rwanda this can be quite refreshing. When we first approached some of the main stakeholders in this project we were asked pointedly if our work would be freely available or would they have to hire "another specialist from Europe" to work on it once we were gone. That one moment shows off the importance of an open source license in remote and poor areas of the world. It can be expensive and difficult to bring someone in to modify or fix code. If that has to be done simply because the license will not allow the users to see the code it can be very frustrating to those on the ground.In order to ensure the transparency of this project we have taken a few important steps to make our work as accessible as possible.

3.1 Licensing

All of the work we have done on this project has been licensed under the GPL[#FOOTNOTE-2 2] (General Public License) which is a fully open source license. This is very important for sustainability as it allows anyone in the world to freely acquire, modify, and even redistribute the code - as long as it is under the same license and includes the original copyright holders information.In addition to our work's license, the OpenMRS codebase is also licensed under the GPL making the two fully compatible.

3.2 Community

It has been important for us since the inception of this project to make sure that we have been utilizing any communities already in existence around technologies we are taking advantage of as well as attempt to form communities around our technologies. While the absence of a pilot has hampered the creation of communities around our work, we have been active in the OpenMRS as well as the OpenROSA communities. Any work we have done has been announced to the appropriate community and made freely available to them.By far, the most useful information and interest in this project is coming from the two project listed above. While we did communicate with other groups (including AVOIR[#FOOTNOTE-3 3], the USAID sponsored open source community in Africa), we found most groups had waned in activity at this time. This tends to be the case with open source groups and a lesson that can be learned for our desire to create community for this project. If there is a central problem to be solved, and enough people who desire to see it solved, a community is far easier to build. This is especially true if there are enough points of entry (or tools to make it easier).

3.3 Launchpad

One tool we have utilized in the development stage has been Launchpad[#FOOTNOTE-4 4]. Launchpad is a multi-functional, web-based tool for development. In addition to code source version control system, bug tracking system, and easy translation editing tools, it provides areas for planning and interactions with users (though we have not taken advantage of the last two). The system was created by Canonical who are the main sponsors of the Ubuntu linux project so it is geared toward the creation of open source work. This is important as it gives us one place to point people to for getting the code - even as we work on it.

3.4 Wiki

In addition to Launchpad we have set up a wiki[#FOOTNOTE-5 5] which contains every piece of information we have written or acquired about this project. This continues the theme of transparency instilled in this project which we considered as one goal of the project itself. Were the pilot to be picked up and launched, the continuation of transparency would be very easy with these tools and licensing. A wiki allows anyone to get a registration and edit or add documents to it. This is true of our wiki and we have also put all information on the wiki under a GNU Free Documentation License[#FOOTNOTE-6 6] which is very similar to the GPL.The wiki instance we have running is a Mediawiki[#FOOTNOTE-7 7] server which is the same wiki software used (and created by) the Wikipedia project. It is by far the most recognizable wiki and many people already know the editing options because of its popularity.


4. Hardware

This particular project has a strong reliance on numerous, inexpensive hardware. For a country like Rwanda was important to look for hardware which is readily available in-country but still was capable of displaying readable information and accept data input in a manner which was efficient for the volunteers. While there was much discussion about hardware during this project, no single model was ever identified.This is quite important for this project for development. At this time our development focused on least-common denominator hardware and thus is a web-based front-end. However, as explored below, the platform selection can allow for far more interesting interaction. What must be clear for any future implementation is whether available hardware is more important than the development concerns. At this time Rwanda is very limited in the models of phones available. As we were working closely with Qualcomm we tended to focus on the phones available through Rwandatel (the CDMA driven network), however if MTN (the GSM carrier) were looked at the models available would be vastly superior.

4.1 Costs

Mobile phone costs in Rwanda tend to run similar to their exact counterparts in Europe, keeping in mind that they are utilizing much older models than Europe currently has available. Pricing for phones ranges from as low as $40(US) to $500(US) with the $500 model being a smart-phone with a full keyboard (though this model is normally not readily available).Considering just the original pilot plan for working with two different health clinics in Rwanda we would have been working with between 20 and 60 volunteers if it had been fully rolled out. While that would have covered quite a few villages (3 to 6 volunteers per village) it still would have been very small in comparison to the number of clinics and villages throughout the country. The costs for phones to accomplish that would be quite high.

4.2 Available Platforms

The most prominant phone brand in all of Rwanda is Nokia. Nokias, for the most part, run on the Symbian operating system. This system is the leading installed embedded operating system for phones worldwide (46% of all phones use Symbian). Symbian's application layer is an implementation of Java ME (J2ME). The distinct problem however is that the older model, smaller phones often do not have a similar application layer which, in our case, meant that we would not have been assured of having Java available had we chosen it.Having said that, for sustainability's sake as well as to combat poor coverage in certain areas, we would recommend further development to focus on Java and phone which utilize it in the application layer.Of particular note is the OpenROSA[#FOOTNOTE-8 8] project. OpenROSA is an open-source effort to reduce duplication of effort in the area of mobile data collection. More specifically it is a data collection application toolkit for J2ME with its first implementation having a strong focus on OpenMRS usage. Intrahealth has contributed to discussions on the development of OpenROSA with the Last Mile Initiative as the prime example of the needs we had for the toolkit.

4.3 Lifecycle

One consideration when thinking of hardware is the life-cycle of a mobile phone. Small, somewhat fragile devices such as phones are  bound to encounter some problems and are typically easier to replace than repair. This can have a fairly large impact on the sustainability of the project.Replacement costs for lost or broken phones must be worked into the costs of rolling out to any area. One rule of thumb might be to suggest that for every three operational phones there should be funds available to purchase one replacement. The choice of three to one being based on the fact that for each small village there would be up to three volunteers working at one particular time.

5. Mobile Network

During the development cycle of this project most of our focus was on Rwandatel due to our relationship with Qualcomm who are the makers of the CDMA network technology which Rwandatel uses.  Most of the information below is based on this focus and could be quite different if MTN, or even both networks were considered for rollout.

5.1 Carriers

The two main carriers in Rwanda are Rwandatel and MTN. While we focused mostly on Rwandatel, it is important for sustainability to keep an eye on both especially when considering the growth of the networks in the more rural areas of the country. Rwandatel - Rwandatel's history is one which is divided almost equally between being state-owned and private. It is clear that the government does not want to own the business as it has sold it off quickly after resuing it from certain failure. Currently a majority stake of the company is owned by a Lybian investment firm but there are constant rumors of its sale to many different companies, most European. Rwandatel is also the country's wired phone and internet provider in the country which brings with it some great benefit. In terms of this project this was most useful in that Rwandatel had offered to host any servers for the project. Since they are the main internet provider in the country this is about as good as can be asked for in terms of bandwidth and stability. MTN - It is safe to say that MTN is the more stable of the two companies. It is a South African based company which provides mobile coverage in many countries throughout Africa. In fact, in most countries in which it has a presence, it tends to be the leading provider.

5.2 Coverage

Coverage in Rwanda is quite good for both mobile networks. However, the areas in which the higher-end technologies that provide higher bandwidth are generally only located in Kigali and the areas just outside Kigali. There are exceptions to this though which, for Rwandatel, can be seen on the Rwandatel Mobile Coverage Map (2007) on the LMI wiki[#FOOTNOTE-9 9]. Despite the smaller areas outside of Kigali, the higher bandwidth technologies are not readily available despite the mobile coverage as a whole being quite good.We do not have a similar map for MTN and the situation may be quite different for them. Furthermore, both networks continue to grow and are upgraded frequently. This situation may be completely different in a few years.It is important to note that both EVDO on the CDMA network and 3G on GSM network are technologies which have a very small presence but are scheduled to be rolled out over the next few years in Rwanda. Having these two high-bandwidth technologies could be very important for developing high-end and very useful applications as the better the bandwidth, the more interesting exchange of data can occur.

5.3 Partnerships

The approach we took with this project relied heavily on the mobile network companies. In our case, we approached Rwandatel and had conversations about their role in the project. The two most important parts for the growth of this project were airtime and hosting. Airtime, which is detailed below, while cheaper than many countries, could be expensive were the client to stay as it is and work mostly with browsing technologies. However, a partnership with the mobile company in which they donate or discount the airtime used in the project would save a great deal of money. One particular question raised by Rwandatel was whether or not the volunteers would be using these phones for their personal usage when not working on the project. They were not in favor of this idea although we had looked at it as one incentive for the volunteers to actually do the work. Estimating the time it would take for the workers to do the work and getting just that amount of airtime was one idea explored to answer this question. Rwandatel was also ready to offer us hosting services which were referred to previously. Again, in a country where hosting can be very unstable, we determined that Rwandatel would provide the most stable offering.

5.4 Costs

For mobile network access the costs certainly do depend on any parntnerships which could be formed with the two main companies working in Rwanda. However, to get an idea of what kind of costs would be associated with normal usage, both companies work at roughly the same price breakdown:


Time Period Pre-pay Pay-as-you-go
Peak $.16/minute $.18/minute
Off-peak $.12/minute $.16/minute

If we were to spread this out across multiple phones throughout the country it would get expensive and could possibly go beyond what the mobile carriers are willing to donate. However, the numbers which we were estimating for an initial pilot did not seem to pose a problem for Rwandatel in terms of donating the airtime, especially when coupled with the important nature of the work for the welfare of the country.


6. Pilot

The pilot for the Community Health Data Collection system was originally planned for two health centers in Rwanda. The total costs associated with running the pilot was $150,000(US) which was planned to be paid for by Qualcomm. Early on in the process Qualcomm changed the total amount they could give to $75,000(US). In accordance the plans for the pilot were cut in half and included only one health center which had only a few villages associated with it. While this would still have given us a good idea as to the usefulness of the system to the volunteers who are already gathering the data via the paper forms, it would have been difficult to guage the connectivity issues as the health center in consideration was fairly near Kigali and thus had decent EVDO coverage.After many months of working with Qualcomm on determining the best hardware and specifications for the system they decided it was best for them to pull out of the project. Mostly this came down to changes in Rwanda from the Ministry of Health in relation to the many pilot projects scheduled across the country. Rightly, Qualcomm felt that the risks were too great if there was to no longer be heavy support from the Ministry of Health.Nonetheless, the following information details some of the ideas and plans which were being drafted to run the pilot program which was to have started in December 2008.

6.1 Ministry of Health

The Ministry of Health is a vital partner for any health-related service or project in Rwanda. t[NOT SURE WHAT TO SAY HERE]

6.2 Volunteers

The Volunteers are truly the heart of the whole process. The handling of the volunteers is all coordinated from the Twubakane project working on the decentralization of health care in Rwanda. The volunteers are people from each village who are elected in small ceremonies to be the health representatives for the village. There is a bit of prestige in the position and the volunteers do much more than they are recognized for doing. This is to our great benefit as the volunteers who are chosen tend to be very motivated .In our pilot these would be the people using the system on a daily basis. Initially they would need to be trained in the health center in which they report (unless travel expenses were used to get them elsewhere). As part of the existing organization for these volunteers, there are also volunteer coordinators in the health centers who would be ideal in a pilot to coordinate lost or stolen phone replacement, passing on problems or issues, and making sure that the data being entered by his/her volunteers is accurate. The volunteer coordinators should be quite useful in any future pilot.

6.3 Training

The training for using the system would best be performed in the health centers from which the volunteers work from. Typically they are not far from the villages in which the volunteers live and most have some room or space in which the training could be done. The training itself would be fairly straight-forward as the volunteers are all already familiar with the paper forms which contain all of the same questions. The key portions of the training would be instructing them on getting to the forms, navigating through the forms, and inputting the information itself. Further training could be done on the web front-end so that volunteers and coordinators understand how to check on the data once it is in the system in order to correct any input errors or to see any health trends that might need immediate attention.

6.4 Support Structure

For the most part, the reliance on the volunteer coordinators is vital in the support structure. They can ensure that lost or stolen phones are replaced, make sure that incorrect data entry problems are corrected, and generally be a lifeline back to staff in Kigali or the US. However, as these staff work with the Twubakane project a task sharing/payment plan would need to be figured out before the work could begin to avoid confusion on who pays for which tasks and which people.6.5 Costs

7. Conclusions

  1. http://openmrs.org/wiki/OpenMRS
  2. http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/gpl.html
  3. http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/avoir/
  4. http://www.launchpad.net
  5. http://wiki.ihris.org/wiki/index.php/Last_Mile_Initiative
  6. http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html
  7. http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki
  8. http://www.openrosa.org/
  9. http://wiki.ihris.org/wiki/upload/RURA_coverage_Regional_boundaries.xls



Addendum: Rwandatel mobile coverage map - 2007 [[1]]