LMI Sustainability and Pilot Plan
IntroductionThe Last Mile Initiative Community Health Data Collection project was designed to allow community volunteers in Rwanda to go door-to-door and gather important health information from the citizens via mobile phone. The original scope of the project was to develop the application and perform a pilot test of it in two districts in Rwanda. Due to unforeseen political and funding issues that pilot was not performed and the development process was altered to accommodate the lack of hardware available to test with.
1. DevelopmentOne success of the work done on LMI has been that the public health professionals working in conjunction with the Twubakane project benefited from the process of us reviewing the data collection forms and the health indicators the forms are based on. Unfortunately for our development this caused a great deal of dynamic flow to the indicators and forms which in turn, required us to redo the database and forms.
1.1 OpenMRSIt was decided during the development process that the freely available OpenMRS[#FOOTNOTE-1 1] (Open Medical Records System) was a perfect fit for this project. OpenMRS provide a stable, flexible platform to work with when collecting health data. The open-source system has been under development for many years and has a very robust community which continually improves it. The community is very engaged and helpful, providing a good source for support not only in development, but in usage of the system as well.
1.2 IndicatorsWhen the project started the Twubakane project had close to 30 health indicators in which the data collection forms were based on. By the close of our work that has been narrowed to 15 indicators. While this is good streamlinging for their purposes it does point out the complications inherent to such a system.Health indicators are always dynamic as diseases take hold in certain regions or populations and international focus shifts. It is important to understand and design for some shift in the indicators over longer periods of time. However, rapid changes would be detrimental to the data collection process as well as the availability of developer time in changing the database schema and front-end forms. The rate of change that happened during our work was unexpected.
1.3 Example: Adding an IndicatorIf, for example a new indicator was added the database would have to be altered to include the new indicator. This would involve adding the new indicator to the schema however, since we are using OpenMRS the change would be fairly trivial. In fact, a non-programmer could add the new indicator via the administrative tools provided with OpenMRS.Adding the new indicator to the database is only half of what is needed, the forms which allow the community volunteer to enter the data are static and would need to be done by hand. While this can be something a non-developer can learn how to do it would help to have someone who is fairly comfortable doing so. However, translating that form to Kinyrwandan (or another language if taken to another country) would, of course, require some expertise.
1.4 Rapid DevelopmentOne aspect which we felt we could increase the amount of time and knowledge needed to make changes to the system was in the development of the forms themselves (the screens displayed on the phone). OpenMRS being a Java-based application relies quite heavily on Java for all aspects of the system. We wanted to have a much easier environment for making the forms so we wrote an abstraction layer to the system which allows for easier form creation. This layer, created in PHP, is open-source and has been given to the OpenMRS community on behalf of the Last Mile Initiative project. The code for this layer can be found on the Launchpad site set up for all of our work.'
1.5 Scalability'Due to the selection of OpenMRS, which utilizes the MySQL database, all running on linux, scalablity is not a big concern for this system. The system should be able to handle, conservatively estimating, over 6000 transactions per hour. It is doubtful that even if the system were to be rolled out to the whole country that those numbers would even be realized.Having said that, as with most countries in the region which Rwanda is in, having the server in a location which provides stable and strong bandwidth is a concern which is related to scalability and is one which would benefit from revisiting from time to time were the system in use. Please refer to the Pilot section of this document for more on server support issues.
2.0 TransparencyTransparency and openness has been a foundation
of this project since its inception. One original goal was to try to
tap into any existing open source communities working in Africa, or
more specifically in the region around Rwanda to help with the
development. Although we made contact with a couple different groups
(further below) since the development stage was stunted a bit due to
the issues around a second partner for hardware costs these efforts
have slowed down. This is not to say that they are dead though as the
work we have done has been shared with the community and we hope it
will gain some traction.This is the key to why being as open and
collaborative as possible is good for sustainability - it allows for a
project to continue to grow even if there are other factors working
against it. In areas such as Rwanda this can be quite refreshing. When
we first approached some of the main stakeholders in this project we
were asked pointedly if our work would be freely available or would
they have to hire "another specialist from Europe" to work on it once
we were gone. That one moment shows off the importance of an open
source license in remote and poor areas of the world. It can be
expensive and difficult to bring someone in to modify or fix code. If
that has to be done simply because the license will not allow the
users to see the code it can be very frustrating to those on the
ground.In order to ensure the transparency of this project we have
taken a few important steps to make our work as accessible as
possible.
2.1 LicensureAll of the work we have done on this project has been licensed under the GPL[#FOOTNOTE-2 2] (General Public License) which is a fully open source license. This is very important for sustainability as it allows anyone in the world to freely acquire, modify, and even redistribute the code - as long as it is under the same license and includes the original copyright holders information.In addition to our work's license, the OpenMRS codebase is also licensed under the GPL making the two fully compatible.
2.2 CommunityIt has been important for us since the inception of this project to make sure that we have been utilizing any communities already in existence around technologies we are taking advantage of as well as attempt to form communities around our technologies. While the absence of a pilot has hampered the creation of communities around our work, we have been active in the OpenMRS as well as the OpenROSA communities. Any work we have done has been announced to the appropriate community and made freely available to them.By far, the most useful information and interest in this project is coming from the two project listed above. While we did communicate with other groups (including AVOIR[#FOOTNOTE-3 3], the USAID sponsored open source community in Africa), we found most groups had waned in activity at this time. This tends to be the case with open source groups and a lesson that can be learned for our desire to create community for this project. If there is a central problem to be solved, and enough people who desire to see it solved, a community is far easier to build. This is especially true if there are enough points of entry (or tools to make it easier).
2.3 LaunchpadOne tool we have utilized in the development stage has been Launchpad[#FOOTNOTE-4 4]. Launchpad is a multi-functional, web-based tool for development. In addition to code source version control system, bug tracking system, and easy translation editing tools, it provides areas for planning and interactions with users (though we have not taken advantage of the last two). The system was created by Canonical who are the main sponsors of the Ubuntu linux project so it is geared toward the creation of open source work. This is important as it gives us one place to point people to for getting the code - even as we work on it.
2.4 WikiIn addition to Launchpad we have set up a wiki[#FOOTNOTE-5 5] which contains every piece of information we have written or acquired about this project. This continues the theme of transparency instilled in this project which we considered as one goal of the project itself. Were the pilot to be picked up and launched, the continuation of transparency would be very easy with these tools and licensing. A wiki allows anyone to get a registration and edit or add documents to it. This is true of our wiki and we have also put all information on the wiki under a GNU Free Documentation License[#FOOTNOTE-6 6] which is very similar to the GPL.The wiki instance we have running is a Mediawiki[#FOOTNOTE-7 7] server which is the same wiki software used (and created by) the Wikipedia project. It is by far the most recognizable wiki and many people already know the editing options because of its popularity.
3. HardwareThis particular project has a strong reliance on numerous, inexpensive hardware. For a country like Rwanda was important to look for hardware which is readily available in-country but still was capable of displaying readable information and accept data input in a manner which was effecient for the volunteers. While there was much discussion about hardware during this project, no single model was ever identified.This is quite important for this project for development. At this time our development focused on least-common denominator hardware and thus is a web-based front-end. However, as explored below, the platform selection can allow for far more interesting interaction. What must be clear for any future implementation is whether available hardware is more important than the development concerns. At this time Rwanda is very limited in the models of phones available. As we were working closely with Qualcomm we tended to focus on the phones available through Rwandatel (the CDMA driven network), however if MTN (the GSM carrier) were looked at the models available would be vastly superior.
3.1 CostsMobile phone costs in Rwanda tend to run similar to their exact counterparts in Europe, keeping in mind that they are utilizing much older models than Europe currently has available. Pricing for phones ranges from as low as $40(US) to $500(US) with the $500 model being a smart-phone with a full keyboard (though this model is normally not readily availble).Considering just the original pilot plan for working with two different health clinics in Rwanda we would have been working with between 20 and 60 vounteers if it had been fully rolled out. While that would have covered quite a few villages (3 to 6 volunteers per village) it still would have been very small in comparison to the number of clinics and villages throughout the country. The costs for phones to accomplish that would be quite high.
3.2 Available PlatformsThe most prominant phone brand in all of Rwanda is Nokia. Nokias, for the most part, run on the Symbian operating system. This system is the leading installed embedded operating system for phones worldwide (46% of all phones use Symbian). Symbian's application layer is an implementation of Java ME (J2ME). The distinct problem however is that the older model, smaller phones often do not have a similar application layer which, in our case, meant that we would not have been assured of having Java available had we chosen it.Having said that, for sustainability's sake as well as to combat poor coverage in certain areas, we would recommend further development to focus on Java and phone which utilize it in the application layer.Of particular note is the OpenROSA[#FOOTNOTE-8 8] project. OpenROSA is an open-source effort to reduce duplication of effort in the area of mobile data collection. More specifically it is a data collection application toolkit for J2ME with its first implementation having a strong focus on OpenMRS usage. Intrahealth has contributed to discussions on the development of OpenROSA with the Last Mile Initiative as the prime example of the needs we had for the toolkit.
3.3 LifecycleOne consideration when thinking of hardware is the lifecyle of a mobile phone. Small, somewhat fragile devices such as phones are bound to encounter some problems and are typically easier to replace than repair. This can have a fairly large impact on the sustainability of the project.Replacement costs for lost or broken phones must be worked into the costs of rolling out to any area. One rule of thumb might be to suggest that for every three operational phones there should be funds available to purchase one replacement. The choice of three to one being based on the fact that for each small village there would be up to three volunteers working at one particular time.
4. Mobile NetworkDuring the development cycle of this project most of our focus was on Rwandatel due to our relationship with Qualcomm who are the makers of the CDMA network technology which Rwandatel uses. Most of the information below is based on this focus and could be quite different if MTN, or even both networks were considered for rollout.
4.1 CarriersThe two main carriers in Rwanda are Rwandatel and MTN. While we focused mostly on Rwandatel, it is important for sustainability to keep an eye on both especially when considering the growth of the networks in the more rural areas of the country.Rwandatel - Rwandatel's history is one which is divided almost equally between being state-owned and private. It is clear that the government does not want to own the business as it has sold it off quickly after resuing it from certain failure. Currently a majority stake of the company is owned by a Lybian investment firm but there are constant rumors of its sale to many different companies, most European. Rwandatel is also the country's wired phone and internet provider in the country which brings with it some great benefit. In terms of this project this was most useful in that Rwandatel had offered to host any servers for the project. Since they are the main internet provider in the country this is about as good as can be asked for in terms of bandwidth and stability.MTN - It is safe to say that MTN is the more stable of the two companies. It is a South African based company which provides mobile coverage in many countries throughout Africa. In fact, in most countries in which it has a presence, it tends to be the leading provider.
4.2 CoverageCoverage in Rwanda is quite good for both mobile networks. However, the areas in which the higher-end technologies that provide higher bandwidth are generally only located in Kigali and the areas just outside Kigali. There are exceptions to this though which, for Rwandatel, can be seen on the Rwandatel Mobile Coverage Map (2007) on the LMI wiki[#FOOTNOTE-9 9]. Despite the smaller areas outside of Kigali, the higher bandwidth technologies are not readily available despite the mobile coverage as a whole being quite good.We do not have a similar map for MTN and the situation may be quite different for them. Furthermore, both networks continue to grow and are upgraded frequently. This situation may be completely different in a few years.
4.3 PartnershipsThe approach we took with this project relied heavily on the mobile network companies. In our case, we approached Rwandatel and had conversations about their role in the project. The two most important parts for the growth of this project were airtime and hosting. Airtime, which is detailed below, while cheaper than many countries, could be expensive were the client to stay as it is and work mostly with browsing technologies. However, a partnership with the mobile company in which they donate or discount the airtime used in the project would save a great deal of money. One particular question raised by Rwandatel was whether or not the volunteers would be using these phones for their personal usage when not working on the project. They were not in favor of this idea although we had looked at it as one incentive for the volunteers to actually do the work. Estimating the time it would take for the workers to do the work and getting just that amount of airtime was one idea explored to answer this question. Rwandatel was also ready to offer us hosting services which were referred to previously. Again, in a country where hosting can be very unstable, we determined that Rwandatel would provide the most stable offering.
4.4 CostsFor mobile network access the costs certainly do depend on any parntnerships which could be formed with the two main companies working in Rwanda. However, to get an idea of what kind of costs would be associated with normal usage, both companies work at roughly the same price breakdown:
| Time Period | Pre-pay | Pay-as-you-go |
| Peak | $.16/minute | $.18/minute |
| Off-peak | $.12/minute | $.16/minute |
If we were to spread this out across multiple phones throughout the country it would get expensive and could possibly go beyond what the mobile carriers are willing to donate. However, the numbers which we were estimating for an initial pilot did not seem to pose a problem for Rwandatel in terms of donating the airtime, especially when coupled with the important nature of the work for the welfare of the country.
5. PilotThe pilot for the Community Health Data Collection
system was originally planned for two health centers in Rwanda. The
total costs associated with running the pilot was $150,000(US) which
was planned to be paid for by Qualcomm. Early on in the process
Qualcomm changed the total amount they could give to $75,000(US). In
accordance the plans for the pilot were cut in half and included only
one health center which had only a few villages associated with
it. While this would still have given us a good idea as to the
usefulness of the system to the volunteers who are already gathering
the data via the paper forms, it would have been difficult to guage
the connectivity issues as the health center in consideration was
fairly near Kigali and thus had decent EVDO coverage.After many months
of working with Qualcomm on determining the best hardware and
specifications for the system they decided it was best for them to
pull out of the project. Mostly this came down to changes in Rwanda
from the Ministry of Health in relation to the many pilot projects
scheduled across the country. Rightly, Qualcomm felt that the risks
were too great if there was to no longer be heavy support from the
Ministry of Health.Nonetheless, the following information details some
of the ideas and plans which were being drafted to run the pilot
program which was to have started in December 2008.
5.1 Ministry of HealthThe Ministry of Health is a vital partner for any health-related service or project in Rwanda. 5.2 Volunteers 5.3 Training 5.4 Support Structure 5.5 Costs
Conclusions
- http://openmrs.org/wiki/OpenMRS
- http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/gpl.html
- http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/avoir/
- http://www.launchpad.net
- http://wiki.ihris.org/wiki/index.php/Last_Mile_Initiative
- http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html
- http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki
- http://www.openrosa.org/
- http://wiki.ihris.org/wiki/upload/RURA_coverage_Regional_boundaries.xls
Addendum: Rwandatel mobile coverage map - 2007 [[1]]
